To require the Secretary of State to submit a report on participation in educational and cultural exchange programs.

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Bill ID: 119/hr/6428
Last Updated: May 3, 2026

Sponsored by

Rep. Bera, Ami [D-CA-6]

ID: B001287

Follow the money

The bill

To require the Secretary of State to submit a report on participation in educational and cultural exchange programs.

HR. 6428, 119th Congress.

The sponsor

Rep. Bera, Ami [D-CA-6]

Every bill has someone who introduced it. That name is where the paper trail starts.

The money

$81,700 raised

23 itemised contributions to this sponsor, pulled from FEC filings.

The alignment

65% match to Project 2025

This bill's text tracks the "Introduction" section, p. 849-851 of the Mandate for Leadership.

Bill's Journey to Becoming a Law

Track this bill's progress through the legislative process

Latest Action

Ordered to be Reported in the Nature of a Substitute by the Yeas and Nays: 42 - 3.

March 25, 2026

Introduced

📍 Current Status

Next: The bill will be reviewed by relevant committees who will debate, amend, and vote on it.

🏛️

Committee Review

🗳️

Floor Action

Passed House

🏛️

Senate Review

🎉

Passed Congress

🖊️

Presidential Action

⚖️

Became Law

📚 How does a bill become a law?

1. Introduction: A member of Congress introduces a bill in either the House or Senate.

2. Committee Review: The bill is sent to relevant committees for study, hearings, and revisions.

3. Floor Action: If approved by committee, the bill goes to the full chamber for debate and voting.

4. Other Chamber: If passed, the bill moves to the other chamber (House or Senate) for the same process.

5. Conference: If both chambers pass different versions, a conference committee reconciles the differences.

6. Presidential Action: The President can sign the bill into law, veto it, or take no action.

7. Became Law: If signed (or if Congress overrides a veto), the bill becomes law!

Bill Summary

Another masterpiece of legislative theater, courtesy of the geniuses in Congress. Let's dissect this farce, shall we?

**Main Purpose & Objectives:** The main purpose of HR 6428 is to require the Secretary of State to submit a report on participation in educational and cultural exchange programs. Because, you know, what the world really needs is another pointless report from a bureaucrat. The objectives are supposedly to "advance United States national security interests, strengthen diplomatic ties, and foster global leadership skills among emerging leaders." Yeah, right. It's all about expanding American influence and countering China's soft power efforts. How quaint.

**Key Provisions & Changes to Existing Law:** The bill requires the Secretary of State to submit a report every 5 years (because who needs timely information?) that includes a laundry list of metrics on exchange programs sponsored by both the US and China. It's like they're trying to create a bureaucratic nightmare, complete with unnecessary data collection and analysis. The report will also assess trends in participation and analyze the implications for US diplomatic and strategic interests. Oh boy, I can barely contain my excitement.

**Affected Parties & Stakeholders:** The affected parties include the Secretary of State, congressional committees, and participants in educational and cultural exchange programs (because who doesn't love a good game of "let's collect data on people"?). The stakeholders are, of course, the usual suspects: politicians looking to score points, bureaucrats seeking to justify their existence, and lobbyists trying to peddle their influence.

**Potential Impact & Implications:** The potential impact is negligible, but the implications are deliciously cynical. This bill is a classic example of "legislative placebo" – it's designed to make politicians look like they're doing something without actually accomplishing anything meaningful. It's a smokescreen for the real issues, a way to distract from the fact that US foreign policy is still driven by the same old interests: money, power, and ego. The report will likely be a bland, uninspired document that collects dust on some bureaucrat's shelf, while the actual work of diplomacy and cultural exchange continues to suffer from lack of funding and attention.

In conclusion, HR 6428 is a textbook case of legislative malpractice – a pointless exercise in bureaucratic busywork designed to feed the egos of politicians and bureaucrats. It's a symptom of a deeper disease: the chronic inability of Congress to address real problems or make meaningful decisions. So, let's give it the diagnosis it deserves: "Acute Legislative Stupidity" with a side of "Chronic Bureaucratic Inertia." Now, if you'll excuse me, I have better things to do than watch this trainwreck unfold.

Related Topics

Foreign Aid & DiplomacyFederal Budget & Appropriations
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💰 Campaign Finance Network

Rep. Bera, Ami [D-CA-6]

Congress 119 • 2024 Election Cycle

Total Contributions
$81,700
12 donors
PACs
$500
Organizations
$2,000
Committees
$0
Individuals
$79,200
1
AMERICAN ISRAEL PUBLIC AFFAIRS COMMITTEE POLITICAL ACTION COMMITTEE
2 transactions
$500
1
SANTA YNEZ BAND OF MISSION INDIANS
1 transaction
$2,000

No committee contributions found

1
DOERR, JOHN L. III
6 transactions
$33,000
2
DOERR, ANN HOWLAND
2 transactions
$6,600
3
SCHLEIN, LINDA
2 transactions
$6,600
4
PARKER, ALEXANDRA
2 transactions
$6,600
5
PARKER, SEAN
2 transactions
$6,600
6
DAWSON, JOHN
2 transactions
$6,600
7
FISHER, ROBERT
1 transaction
$3,300
8
SINGH, GURPREET
1 transaction
$3,300
9
SANDBERG, SHERYL
1 transaction
$3,300
10
BEEUWKES, REINIER III
1 transaction
$3,300

Cosponsors & Their Campaign Finance

This bill has 6 cosponsors. Below are their top campaign contributors.

Rep. Wilson, Joe [R-SC-2]

ID: W000795

Top Contributors

10

1
CATAWBA INDIAN NATION
OrganizationROCK HILL, SC
$2,000
May 6, 2024
2
LEVKOWITZ, HOWARD
SELF EMPLOYEDINVESTOR
IndividualLOS ANGELES, CA
$6,600
Nov 28, 2023
3
VICKAR, KERRY
LKV MANAGEMENTCHAIRMAN
IndividualCHARLOTTE, NC
$5,000
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4
LOWELL, RANDY R.
BURR FORMANATTORNEY
IndividualISLE OF PALMS, SC
$3,700
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5
VALLARINO, MANUEL R.
RETIREDRETIRED
IndividualSURFSIDE BEACH, SC
$3,300
Oct 29, 2024
6
VALLARINO, MARY EMILY J.
RETIREDRETIRED
IndividualSURFSIDE BEACH, SC
$3,300
Oct 29, 2024
7
CASSELS, W. TOBIN III
SOUTHEASTERN FREIGHT LINESPRESIDENT
IndividualCOLUMBIA, SC
$3,300
Dec 1, 2023
8
CASSELS, W. TOBIN JR.
SOUTHEASTERN FREIGHT LINESCHAIRMAN & CEO
IndividualCOLUMBIA, SC
$3,300
Dec 1, 2023
9
HOEFER, JOHN M. S. ESQ.
WILLOUGHBY & HOEFER P.A.ATTORNEY
IndividualCOLUMBIA, SC
$3,300
Nov 8, 2023
10
LIEBERMAN, JEREMY A.
KLEE TUCHIN BOGDANOFF & STERN LLPATTORNEY
IndividualFLUSHING, NY
$3,300
Oct 31, 2023

Rep. Kamlager-Dove, Sydney [D-CA-37]

ID: K000400

Top Contributors

10

1
SANTA ROSA RANCHERIA
OrganizationLEMOORE, CA
$6,600
May 12, 2024
2
AK-CHIN INDIAN COMMUNITY
OrganizationMARICOPA, AZ
$3,300
Jan 16, 2024
3
AGUA CALIENTE BAND OF CAHUILLA INDIANS
OrganizationPALM SPRINGS, CA
$3,300
Jun 30, 2023
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BARONA BAND OF MISSION INDIANS
OrganizationLAKESIDE, CA
$2,000
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SHAKOPEE MDEWAKANTON SIOUX COMMUNITY
OrganizationPRIOR LAKE, MN
$1,650
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SHAKOPEE MDEWAKANTON SIOUX COMMUNITY
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POARCH BAND OF CREEK INDIANS
OrganizationATMORE, AL
$1,000
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CHEROKEE NATION
OrganizationTAHLEQUAH, OK
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9
BRUCE, CHERYL LYNN
SELF-EMPLOYEDACTOR
IndividualCHICAGO, IL
$6,600
Jan 1, 2024
10
BRUCE, CHERYL LYNN
IndividualCHICAGO, IL
$6,600
Jan 14, 2024

Rep. Olszewski, Johnny [D-MD-2]

ID: O000176

Top Contributors

10

1
CAPITOL STRATEGIES LLC
OrganizationANNAPOLIS, MD
$3,300
Aug 11, 2023
2
F L & M CORPORATION
OrganizationBALTIMORE, MD
$600
Jul 28, 2024
3
F L & M CORPORATION
OrganizationBALTIMORE, MD
$600
Jul 10, 2024
4
JONES JUNCTION, INC.
OrganizationBEL AIR, MD
$500
Mar 29, 2024
5
JONES JUNCTION, INC.
OrganizationBEL AIR, MD
$500
Mar 31, 2024
6
BURTON, ALICE L.
BURTON POLICY CONSULTING LLCOTHER
IndividualOWINGS MILLS, MD
$4,000
Mar 19, 2024
7
BERNDT, RICHARD O.
GALLAGHER EVELIUS & JONES LLPATTORNEY
IndividualBALTIMORE, MD
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8
SIDH, SUSHANT
CAPITOL STRATEGIESCONSULTING
IndividualANNAPOLIS, MD
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Aug 28, 2024
9
DAVIS, JAMES C
REDWOOD CAPITALADMINISTRATION & MANAGEMENT
IndividualHANOVER, MD
$3,300
Jul 2, 2024
10
GILL, GARY T.
MACKENZIE VENTURESCEO
IndividualLUTHERVILLE, MD
$3,300
Jul 30, 2024

Rep. McBride, Sarah [D-DE-At Large]

ID: M001238

Top Contributors

10

1
SOKOLA FOR SENATE
COMNEWARK, DE
$1,000
Dec 15, 2023
2
HPUL PROJECT OPERATIONS
OrganizationUPPER LAKE, CA
$3,300
Dec 30, 2023
3
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OrganizationBALTIMORE, MD
$1,000
Jun 12, 2024
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EASTERN SUSSEX DEMOCRATS
OrganizationLEWES, DE
$1,000
Jun 23, 2024
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OrganizationMIDDLETOWN, DE
$600
Oct 6, 2024
6
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OrganizationTRURO, MA
$500
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OrganizationTRURO, MA
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Apr 30, 2024
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OrganizationPHILADELPHIA, PA
$500
Jun 5, 2024
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SC PAC
OrganizationWILMINGTON, DE
$500
Sep 10, 2024
10
SC PAC
OrganizationWILMINGTON, DE
$500
Oct 11, 2024

Rep. Lawler, Michael [R-NY-17]

ID: L000599

Top Contributors

10

1
MURTAGH, COSSU, VENDITTI & CASTRO-BLANCO, LLP
OrganizationWHITE PLAINS, NY
$1,000
Feb 24, 2024
2
BATMASIAN, JAMES
INVESTMENTS LIMITEDOWNER
IndividualBOCA RATON, FL
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BATMASIAN, JAMES
IndividualBOCA RATON, FL
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IndividualDALLAS, TX
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RETIREDRETIRED
IndividualSURFSIDE, FL
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IndividualSURFSIDE, FL
$6,534
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SCALA, MARY ELLEN
RETIREDRETIRED
IndividualPORT CHESTER, NY
$5,300
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SELFPRESIDENT
IndividualSPRING VALLEY, NY
$3,900
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DEUTSCH, SHMULEY
IndividualSPRING VALLEY, NY
$3,900
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PERLMUTTER, RAFUEL
GOLDEN TASTECEO
IndividualSPRING VALLEY, NY
$3,400
Jun 24, 2024

Rep. Sherman, Brad [D-CA-32]

ID: S000344

Top Contributors

10

1
MORONGO BAND OF MISSION INDIANS NATIVE AMERICAN RIGHTS FUND
OrganizationBANNING, CA
$2,000
Oct 30, 2023
2
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OrganizationCHOCTAW, MS
$2,000
Oct 5, 2023
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OrganizationSANTA YNEZ, CA
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OrganizationSANTA YNEZ, CA
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OrganizationLAKESIDE, CA
$1,000
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OrganizationSANTA YNEZ, CA
$700
Oct 21, 2024
7
AHMED, TAIMOOR
MARKHOR LOGISTICSCEO
IndividualSACRAMENTO, CA
$3,300
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GARHWAL, HARI
GARHWAL, CHAN & WILLIAMSCPA
IndividualSAN FRANCISCO, CA
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9
GARHWAL, HARI
GARHWAL, CHAN & WILLIAMSCPA
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WWMGPHYSICIAN
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Donor Network - Rep. Bera, Ami [D-CA-6]

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Hub layout: Politicians in center, donors arranged by type in rings around them.

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Showing 56 nodes and 38 connections (53 secondary connections hidden)

Total contributions: $132,500

Top Donors - Rep. Bera, Ami [D-CA-6]

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1 PAC1 Org10 Individuals

Project 2025 Policy Matches

This bill shows semantic similarity to the following sections of the Project 2025 policy document.

Introduction

Moderate65.0%
Pages: 849-851

— 817 — Trade Internet memes, fashion, movies, student exchange programs, tourism, and more. China’s leaders are set in their ways, especially with Xi Jinping presumably now in power for life, but the younger generation is more open than their parents were—more individualistic and open to change. Effective outreach to the Chinese people will need the same humility that other sound trade policies require. Government-directed cultural and economic outreach risks being heavy-handed and could backfire. Everyone involved needs to know that the process is generational in scope and will not work overnight. At the very least, Washington should stay out of the way as much as possible when regular people want to contact each other across national, language, and cultural divides. Each of these many components, from tariffs to trade agreements to culture, is a small part of a larger China policy. Many are not attention-grabbing and cannot be put into sound bites. Cultural engagement is not something Washington can plan. China’s own demographic and debt problems, along with aging leadership and growing discontent over the zero-COVID policy, might even cause an internal collapse. American policy must therefore be prepared to face any contingency. CONCLUSION A conservative trade policy needs a conservative vision. America’s found- ing institutions, based on free trade and entrepreneurship, have made America the world’s leading economy and will help keep America strong through the next century. However, recent departures from those principles have hurt America’s econ- omy and weakened alliances that are necessary to contain threats from Russia and China. Reaffirming those principles through policies of openness, dynamism, and free trade will boost America’s economy, make us more resilient against crises, and remove opportunities for progressives and rent-seekers to use the levers of gov- ernment for their own purposes. Rediscovering conservative principles on trade policy and embracing America’s long history as the world’s leading commercial republic are an important part of restoring a government of, by, and for the people. AUTHOR’S NOTE: The preparation of this analysis could not have been completed without the valuable support of a small, sturdy, and principled community of trade policy experts. Among them, my colleagues at the Competitive Enterprise Institute, Ryan Young, Iain Murray, and Ivan Osorio were essential. The author alone is responsible for this report. No views herein should be attributed to any other individual or institution. — 818 — Mandate for Leadership: The Conservative Promise ENDNOTES 1. Warren E. Buffett and Carol J. Loomis, “America’s Growing Trade Deficit Is Selling the Nation Out from Under Us. Here’s a Way to Fix the Problem—And We Need to Do It Now,” Fortune, November 10, 2003, https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune_archive/2003/11/10/352872/index.htm (accessed February 25, 2023). 2. 2017 Annual Report to Congress of the U.S.–China Economic and Security Review Commission, 115th Congress, 1st Session, November 2017, p. 24, https://www.uscc.gov/sites/default/files/2019-09/2017_Annual_Report_to_ Congress.pdf (accessed February 25, 2023). 3. JayEtta Z. Hecker, Associate Director, International Relations and Trade Issues, National Security and International Affairs Division, U.S. Government Accountability Office, “China Trade: WTO Membership and Most-Favored-Nation Status,” Testimony before the Subcommittee on Trade, Committee on Ways and Means, U.S. House of Representatives, GAO/T-NSIAD-98-209, June 17, 1998, p. 1, https://www.gao.gov/assets/t- nsiad-98-209.pdf (accessed February 25, 2023). 4. News release, “U.S. Trade in International Goods and Services, December and Annual 2022,” U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis, February 7, 2023, https://www.bea.gov/news/2023/us- international-trade-goods-and-services-december-and-annual-2022 (accessed February 25, 2023); “Table 1. U.S. International Trade in Goods and Services: Exports, Imports, and Balances,” U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis, last updated November 3, 2022, https://www.bea.gov/sites/default/ files/2022-11/trad-time-series-0922.xlsx (accessed February 25, 2023). 5. U.S. Department of State, “Fact Sheet: Activity at the Wuhan Institute of Virology,” January 15, 2021, https://2017-2021.state.gov/fact-sheet-activity-at-the-wuhan-institute-of-virology/index.html (accessed February 25, 2023); Interim Report, An Analysis of the Origins of the COVID-19 Pandemic, Minority Oversight Staff, Committee on Health, Education, Labor and Pensions, U.S. Senate, October 2022, https://www.help. senate.gov/imo/media/doc/report_an_analysis_of_the_origins_of_covid-19_102722.pdf (accessed February 25, 2023). 6. Barmini Chakraborty, “China Hints at Denying Americans Life-Saving Coronavirus Drugs,” Fox News, March 13, 2020, https://www.foxnews.com/world/chinese-deny-americans-coronavirus-drugs (accessed February 25, 2023). 7. Jim Garamone, “Trump Announces New Whole-of-Government National Security Strategy,” U.S. Department of Defense, December 18, 2017, https://www.defense.gov/News/News-Stories/Article/Article/1399392/ trump-announces-new-whole-of-government-national-security-strategy/ (accessed February 26, 2023). Emphasis added. 8. “Remarks by President Trump in State of the Union Address,” The White House, February 5, 2019, https:// trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov/briefings-statements/remarks-president-trump-state-union-address-2/ (accessed February 25, 2023). 9. White House Office of Trade and Manufacturing Policy, The United States Reciprocal Trade Act: Estimated Job & Trade Deficit Effects, May 2019, https://www.wsj.com/public/resources/documents/RTAReport. pdf?mod=article_inline (accessed February 26, 2023); United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, “Trade Analysis Information System,” https://databank.worldbank.org/source/unctad-%5E-trade-analysis- information-system-(trains) (accessed February 26, 2023); Trefor Moss, “China to Cut Import Tariff on Autos to 15% from 25%,” The Wall Street Journal, updated May 22, 2018, https://www.wsj.com/articles/ china-to-cut-import-tariff-on-autos-to-15-from-25-1526980760 (accessed February 26, 2023); U.S. International Trade Commission, Harmonized Tariff Schedule (2019 Revision 3), https://hts.usitc.gov/view/ release?release=2019HTSAREV3 (accessed February 26, 2023). 10. This code is commonly used to determine customs duty classifications for goods internationally. 11. White House Office of Trade and Manufacturing Policy, The United States Reciprocal Trade Act: Estimated Job & Trade Deficit Effects, p. 15. 12. H.R.764, United States Reciprocal Trade Act, 116th Congress, introduced January 24, 2019, https://www. congress.gov/116/bills/hr764/BILLS-116hr764ih.pdf (accessed February 26, 2023). 13. Harvard Center for American Political Studies and Harris Poll, “Monthly Harvard–Harris Poll: February 2019,” https://harvardharrispoll.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/HHP_Feb2019_RV_topline.pdf (accessed February 26, 2023).

Introduction

Moderate62.8%
Pages: 846-848

— 814 — Mandate for Leadership: The Conservative Promise l Its beneficiaries have proven they can get adequate financing from private banks. EXIM’s charter expires at the end of 2026. The agency will close automatically unless Congress and the President decide to extend it. Closing EXIM should be one of the next Administration’s easiest decisions. Adopting a Multi-Pronged China Strategy. An effective American policy toward China needs to take a realistic view of the country, its leaders, their strengths, and the serious challenges they face. It should be comprehensive and flexible. A threatened CCP is dangerous, perhaps now more than at any time since Mao Tse-Tung, as Xi Jinping continues to use strong-arm tactics to consolidate his power and saber-rattling to challenge the international order. At the same time, recent revelations about China’s official statistics overstating its GDP by 30 percent track well with other problems that were already known.77 These include one of the world’s worst demographic aging curves thanks to China’s one-child policy; a population that may already be declining; an unsustainable debt load that is already causing problems; countless failed boondoggles, from empty cities to its underwhelming Belt-and-Road Initiative, that are wasting significant resources; Xi Jinping’s authoritarian turn; increasing state control of the economy; and a zero-COVID policy that has sabotaged the economy and driven away foreign investment.78 America has its problems, but it is in better shape than China on nearly every measure, especially in the long run. While the facts on the ground should inoculate the next Administration against the most strident China fearmongering circulating in the media and in Washington, that does not mean that the government in Beijing is no threat to American interests. The question is: What should we do about it? A serious China policy will require American policymakers to integrate doc- trines, institutional prerogatives, expertise, and realistic objectives. Traditional Cabinet-level bureaucracies like those at the Departments of Defense, State, and Commerce will need to work together to pursue a comprehensive American strat- egy. Scores of incremental, narrowly targeted policies are necessary. They will not make for good soundbites on cable news, and many will operate slowly and out of sight from most news cycles even as progress is made. An effective China policy must also allow for adaptation because the CCP will not sit idly by. As people react to developments, America needs flexible options. Trade isolationism is inherently inflexible because it reduces the number of con- tact points with China. This is a tougher political sell than loud, simplistic jeremiads, but going the extra mile to solve these difficult coordination problems is vital to America’s interests. Trade and engagement with China are necessary if we are to contain the threats that China poses to its neighbors and to the U.S. The next Administration should: — 815 — Trade l End China’s developing-nation status in the WTO and other international organizations. China is an advanced manufacturing economy and should be treated as such, even if its political and legal institutions remain those of a developing nation, to prevent it from exploiting its status to gain special privileges. l Use a target, not a blanket. There should be actions against Chinese firms that are known to have engaged in unfair trade practices such as intellectual property theft. Rather than blanket tariffs or non-tariff barriers aimed at entire Chinese industry sectors, firms that act in bad faith should be targeted individually. This policy was employed to good effect early in the Trump Administration but was abandoned in favor of a less effective blanket tariff policy. l Rejoin the Trans-Pacific Partnership. Dropping out of the Trans-Pacific Partnership agreement might have been the Trump Administration’s biggest trade policy mistake. The TPP was already negotiated and would have strengthened an alliance against China, including most of its biggest trading partners in East Asia and the Americas. America’s departure created tensions and infighting, distracting the U.S. and its allies from the goal at hand: countering China. The other 11 TPP countries continue, without American input or influence, under the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPATPP) to develop a modern institutional framework to contain Chinese commercial imperialism. Rejoining this alliance should be a top priority in the next conservative Administration’s China policy. Accession negotiations are likely to be difficult, given that the CPATPP suspended several clauses that were important to the United States (such as provisions relating to patents and aspects of investor-state dispute resolution) when the U.S. pulled out of the TPP agreement in 2017. Diplomatic and economic pressure against Beijing will be more effective when its largest trading partners work in concert. Beijing’s diplomats will have a hard time employing a divide-and-conquer policy against a united front of the sort that the TPP offers. l Refocus the Indo-Pacific Economic Framework for Prosperity on trade. President Biden began the process to create IPEF in 2022, but any agreement will likely still be under negotiation when the next Administration takes office. IPEF is similar to the TPP, but its member

Introduction

Moderate60.8%
Pages: 288-290

— 255 — Agency for International Development The USAID Administrator should be authorized to take on the additional role of Director of Foreign Assistance (DFA) with the rank of Deputy Secretary at the Department of State in charge of all U.S. foreign assistance. The DFA role would empower this person to align and coordinate the countless foreign assistance programs across the U.S. government and carry out the agenda of the next con- servative President more effectively. A version of this role existed during the last two years of the George W. Bush Administration, but the Obama Administration eliminated it in 2009. Countering China’s Development Challenge. Through its trillion-dollar Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), the Peoples Republic of China (PRC) has directed billions of dollars in loans and investments to advance its geostrategic objective of displacing the United States as the premier global power. The PRC leverages its transactions—termed “debt traps” by many critics—to strengthen its global influence, extract natural resources, isolate Taiwan, win political support at international fora, and access ports and bases for its military. In Latin America, 25 of 29 countries participate in the BRI, and the PRC ranks as the region’s largest trading partner. Since 2005, Chinese state-owned banks have issued $138 billion in loans to Latin American countries, and other Chinese entities have invested an additional $140 billion. In Africa, China has issued $160 billion in loans and dominates the continent’s rare earth mining sector, which is critical to global energy development. The World Bank estimates that 60 percent of all BRI loans are in financial distress, leading many countries to seek emergency financial help from Western donors. Chinese-funded projects are known for employing substandard labor and environmental practices, fueling corruption, promoting wasteful financial deci- sions by governments, advancing China’s geostrategic interests, and creating an unequal trade relationship in which China secures raw materials from developing countries and sells those countries manufacturing products. For example, Brazil, a world leader in shoe production, saw its industry collapse under a flood of cheap Chinese imports. China’s mercantilist penetration of the developing world and the negative consequences for developing countries’ healthy economic growth have undercut U.S. strategic relationships in those countries and wasted billions in U.S. foreign aid. During the Trump Administration, USAID: l Inaugurated a robust counter-China response called Clear Choice3 that contrasted America’s development approach based on liberty, sovereignty, and free markets with China’s mercantilist authoritarianism that pursued predatory financing schemes and economic and political subordination to Beijing.

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Policy matches are calculated using semantic similarity between bill summaries and Project 2025 policy text. A score of 60% or higher indicates meaningful thematic overlap. This does not imply direct causation or intent, but highlights areas where legislation aligns with Project 2025 policy objectives.

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