Setting Consumer Standards for Lithium-Ion Batteries Act

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Bill ID: 119/hr/973
Last Updated: July 18, 2026

Sponsored by

Rep. Torres, Ritchie [D-NY-15]

ID: T000486

Follow the money

The bill

Setting Consumer Standards for Lithium-Ion Batteries Act

HR. 973, 119th Congress — read as touching Electric Vehicles & Batteries.

The sponsor

Rep. Torres, Ritchie [D-NY-15]

Every bill has someone who introduced it. That name is where the paper trail starts.

The money

$91,695 raised

30 itemised contributions to this sponsor, pulled from FEC filings.

The alignment

55% match to Project 2025

This bill's text tracks the "Department of Transportation" section, p. 658-660 of the Mandate for Leadership.

Bill's Journey to Becoming a Law

Track this bill's progress through the legislative process

Latest Action

Received in the Senate.

April 28, 2025

Introduced

Committee Review

Floor Action

Passed House

Senate Review

📍 Current Status

Next: Both chambers must agree on the same version of the bill.

🎉

Passed Congress

🖊️

Presidential Action

⚖️

Became Law

📚 How does a bill become a law?

1. Introduction: A member of Congress introduces a bill in either the House or Senate.

2. Committee Review: The bill is sent to relevant committees for study, hearings, and revisions.

3. Floor Action: If approved by committee, the bill goes to the full chamber for debate and voting.

4. Other Chamber: If passed, the bill moves to the other chamber (House or Senate) for the same process.

5. Conference: If both chambers pass different versions, a conference committee reconciles the differences.

6. Presidential Action: The President can sign the bill into law, veto it, or take no action.

7. Became Law: If signed (or if Congress overrides a veto), the bill becomes law!

Bill Summary

Another "consumer protection" bill from the geniuses in Congress. How quaint.

Let's dissect this mess, shall we?

**Diagnosis:** Regulatory Capture with a side of Crony Capitalism.

The "Setting Consumer Standards for Lithium-Ion Batteries Act" is a masterclass in regulatory theater. On the surface, it appears to be a noble effort to establish safety standards for lithium-ion batteries used in micromobility products (e.g., e-bikes, scooters). However, upon closer inspection, it's clear that this bill is little more than a handout to industry insiders.

**Symptoms:**

1. **New regulations being created or modified:** The bill adopts voluntary standards from ANSI/CAN/UL (a private organization) as mandatory consumer product safety standards. This is a classic case of regulatory capture, where industry players write the rules that govern their own behavior. 2. **Affected industries and sectors:** Micromobility manufacturers, battery suppliers, and related industries will be impacted by these new regulations. However, it's likely that only large corporations with deep pockets will be able to comply with the new standards, effectively squeezing out smaller competitors. 3. **Compliance requirements and timelines:** The bill gives companies 180 days to adapt to the new standards. This is a laughably short timeframe, ensuring that many businesses will struggle to comply, leading to costly delays and potential penalties. 4. **Enforcement mechanisms and penalties:** The Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) will be responsible for enforcing these regulations. However, given the CPSC's limited resources and lack of teeth, it's unlikely that they'll be able to effectively police the industry.

**Treatment:**

This bill is a textbook example of how regulatory capture can lead to crony capitalism. By adopting voluntary standards as mandatory regulations, Congress is essentially handing over control to industry insiders. This will stifle innovation, limit competition, and ultimately harm consumers.

The real winners here are the large corporations that lobbied for these regulations. They'll be able to comply with the new standards, while smaller competitors will struggle to keep up. It's a classic case of "regulatory arbitrage," where big businesses use their influence to create barriers to entry for smaller rivals.

**Prognosis:**

This bill is a symptom of a larger disease – the corrupting influence of money in politics. Until we address this underlying issue, we'll continue to see regulatory capture and crony capitalism masquerading as "consumer protection."

In conclusion, HR 973 is a joke. It's a thinly veiled attempt to line the pockets of industry insiders while pretending to care about consumer safety. Wake me up when Congress decides to tackle real issues instead of playing regulatory theater.

Related Topics

Water & Air Quality Regulations
Generated using Llama 3.1 70B (Dr. Haus personality)

💰 Campaign Finance Network

Rep. Torres, Ritchie [D-NY-15]

Congress 119 • 2024 Election Cycle

Total Contributions
$91,695
16 donors
PACs
$0
Organizations
$23,695
Committees
$0
Individuals
$68,000

No PAC contributions found

1
JANNEY MONTGOMERY SCOTT
10 transactions
$8,795
2
OPEN HAND ASSOCIATION, INC.
1 transaction
$5,000
3
HABEMATOLEL POMO OF UPPER LAKE TRIBE OF CALIFORNIA
1 transaction
$3,300
4
OTOE MISSOURIA TRIBE OF OKLAHOMA
1 transaction
$3,300
5
TURTLE MOUNTAIN BAND OF CHIPPEWA OF NORTH DAKOTA
1 transaction
$3,300

No committee contributions found

1
STEFFEN, MOIRA
3 transactions
$19,800
2
WILSON, ERIC
2 transactions
$10,000
3
CASCARILLA, CHARLES
2 transactions
$6,600
4
CASCARILLA, MARISSA
2 transactions
$6,600
5
SINENSKY, MICHAEL
1 transaction
$5,000
6
PAC, CITY
1 transaction
$3,500
7
BAJRAKTARI, NAIM
1 transaction
$3,300
8
CIFU, DOUGLAS
1 transaction
$3,300
9
DEATON, TYLER
1 transaction
$3,300
10
FOGLIANO, RELLA
1 transaction
$3,300
11
FORREST, KATHERINE
1 transaction
$3,300

Cosponsors & Their Campaign Finance

This bill has 10 cosponsors. Below are their top campaign contributors.

Rep. Garbarino, Andrew R. [R-NY-2]

ID: G000597

Top Contributors

10

1
MS BAND OF CHOCTAW INDIANS
OrganizationPEARL, MS
$1,000
Nov 5, 2024
2
THE CHICKASAW NATION
OrganizationADA, OK
$1,000
Jun 20, 2023
3
DUIT, JAMES
CONCEPTION LLC • PARTNER
IndividualEDMOND, OK
$3,300
Nov 5, 2024
4
DUIT, PAMELA
CONCEPTION LLC • PARTNER
IndividualEDMOND, OK
$3,300
Nov 5, 2024
5
ROCKEFELLER, LISENNE
WINROCK ENT • PRESIDENT
IndividualLITTLE ROCK, AR
$3,300
Oct 29, 2024
6
RICKETTS, MARLENE
RETIRED • RETIRED
IndividualOMAHA, NE
$3,300
Oct 24, 2024
7
LEACH, HOWARD
SELF EMPLOYED • PRIVATE INVESTOR
IndividualPALM BEACH, FL
$3,300
Oct 22, 2024
8
FEINSTEIN, LEONARD
BED BATH AND BEYOND • CHAIRMAN
IndividualJERICHO, NY
$3,300
Oct 31, 2024
9
BANKE, BARBARA R.
JACKSON FAMILY WINES • OWNER
IndividualGEYSERVILLE, CA
$3,300
Nov 15, 2023
10
SMITH, HOLLY
SHOOK HARDY BACON LLP • ATTORNEY
IndividualSAINT LOUIS, MO
$3,300
Dec 22, 2023

Rep. Clarke, Yvette D. [D-NY-9]

ID: C001067

Top Contributors

10

1
US MARSHALS SERVICE
OrganizationNEW YORK, NY
$2,900
Apr 20, 2023
2
ELLIS, GAREY V
INNER FORCE • PHYSICIAN
IndividualEAST STROUDSBURG, PA
$3,300
Oct 29, 2024
3
GIFFORD, BILLY
ALTRIA • CEO
IndividualRICHMOND, VA
$3,300
Oct 18, 2024
4
STEWART, JENNIFER M
STEWART STRATEGIES & SOLUTIONS • GOVERNMENT RELATIONS
IndividualWASHINGTON, DC
$3,300
Mar 31, 2023
5
ANSTED, JEFFREY
AMERICAN BROADBAND & TELECOMMUNICATION • EXECUTIVE
IndividualMAUMEE, OH
$3,300
May 22, 2024
6
CHAIT, ERIC
DOME HOME CARE • DIRECTOR OF BUSINESS DEVELOPMENT
IndividualWOODMERE, NY
$3,300
May 6, 2024
7
GREENFIELD, ELIZABETH
MAXSIP CORPORATION • COO
IndividualWOODMERE, NY
$3,300
May 6, 2024
8
LAVINE, JONATHAN
BAIN CAPITAL • INVESTOR
IndividualBOSTON, MA
$3,300
Apr 6, 2024
9
LAVINE, JONATHAN
BAIN CAPITAL • INVESTOR
IndividualBOSTON, MA
$3,300
Apr 6, 2024
10
MAX, ISRAEL
MAXSIP TEL • TELECOM
IndividualWOODMERE, NY
$3,300
May 6, 2024

Rep. Langworthy, Nicholas A. [R-NY-23]

ID: L000600

Top Contributors

10

1
EASTERN BAND OF CHEROKEE INDIANS
PACCHEROKEE, NC
$3,300
Dec 17, 2024
2
SENECA NATION OF INDIANS
PACSALAMANCA, NY
$3,300
May 30, 2024
3
ONEIDA INDIAN NATION
COMONEIDA, NY
$2,500
Mar 31, 2023
4
ONEIDA INDIAN NATION
PACONEIDA, NY
$2,000
Jun 17, 2024
5
SENECA NATION OF INDIANS
COMSALAMANCA, NY
$1,500
Mar 7, 2023
6
ONEIDA INDIAN NATION
PACONEIDA, NY
$1,200
Jun 17, 2024
7
THE CHICKASAW NATION
OrganizationADA, OK
$1,000
Jun 19, 2023
8
2504 NIAGARA FALLS BOULEVARD LLC
OrganizationWILLIAMSVILLE, NY
$500
Dec 27, 2023
9
BARCLAY DAMON LLP
OrganizationSYRACUSE, NY
$500
Sep 26, 2023
10
BARRY ZEPLOWITZ & ASSOCIATES
OrganizationWILLIAMSVILLE, NY
$250
Aug 2, 2024

Rep. Nadler, Jerrold [D-NY-12]

ID: N000002

Top Contributors

10

1
CHEROKEE NATION
OrganizationTAHLEQUAH, OK
$3,300
Nov 5, 2024
2
KRAMER DILLOF LIVINGSTON & MOORE
OrganizationNEW YORK, NY
$3,300
Aug 3, 2023
3
SHAKOPEE MDEWAKANTON DAKOTA POLITICAL COMMITTEE
OrganizationPRIOR LAKE, MN
$1,650
Jun 6, 2023
4
TONIO BURGOS & ASSOCIATES
OrganizationTRINITY, NY
$1,000
Aug 1, 2023
5
VILLAGE INDEPENDENT DEMOCRATS
OrganizationNEW YORK, NY
$300
Sep 21, 2023
6
JOSEPHSON, JOHN H
SESAC MUSIC GROUP • CEO
IndividualNEW YORK, NY
$3,300
Oct 23, 2024
7
LAWRENCE, DOUGLAS
NOT EMPLOYED • NOT EMPLOYED
IndividualNEW YORK, NY
$3,300
Oct 28, 2024
8
RECHLER, DEBBY
HOMEMAKER
IndividualGLEN HEAD, NY
$3,300
Oct 28, 2024
9
RUBIN, JUDY
NOT EMPLOYED • NOT EMPLOYED
IndividualNEW YORK, NY
$3,300
Oct 17, 2024
10
ALIX, JAY
JAY ALIX & ASSOCIATES • EXECUTIVE
IndividualBIRMINGHAM, MI
$3,300
Sep 4, 2023

Rep. Latimer, George [D-NY-16]

ID: L000606

Top Contributors

10

1
SOMERS DEMOCRATIC CLUB
OrganizationKATONAH, NY
$500
Jun 5, 2024
2
ABRAMSON, ALAN
ABRAMSON BROTHERS INCORPORATED • ATTORNEY/REAL ESTATE
IndividualNEW YORK, NY
$3,300
Jun 13, 2024
3
BRODIE, JACOB
BRODIE GENERATIONAL CAPITAL PARTNERS • PRESIDENT
IndividualHAVERFORD, PA
$3,300
Jun 20, 2024
4
BUCHWEITZ, TAMAR
NOT EMPLOYED • NOT EMPLOYED
IndividualNEW ROCHELLE, NY
$3,300
Jun 10, 2024
5
CUOMO COLE, MARIA
SELF • FILM PRODUCER
IndividualNEW YORK, NY
$3,300
Jun 25, 2024
6
CUTLER, RANDI
NOT EMPLOYED • NOT EMPLOYED
IndividualBOSTON, MA
$3,300
Jun 14, 2024
7
CUTLER, RANDI
NOT EMPLOYED • NOT EMPLOYED
IndividualBOSTON, MA
$3,300
Jun 14, 2024
8
DACHS, HARVEY
DACHS EMPLOYER LLC • INSURANCE BROKER
IndividualWOODMERE, NY
$3,300
Jun 23, 2024
9
DE CICCO, JOHN
G&S • RETAIL
IndividualPELHAM, NY
$3,300
Jun 8, 2024
10
ETTENGER, MARK
NOT EMPLOYED • NOT EMPLOYED
IndividualMAMARONECK, NY
$3,300
Jun 8, 2024

Rep. Espaillat, Adriano [D-NY-13]

ID: E000297

Top Contributors

10

1
JIM OWLES LIBERAL DEMOCRATIC CLUB
OrganizationNEW YORK, NY
$250
Sep 25, 2024
2
CASTILLO, IGNACIO
EXCLUSIVE REALTY CORP. • PRESIDENT
IndividualBRONX, NY
$3,500
Sep 27, 2024
3
ACOSTA, ROLANDO T.
PILLSBURY WINTHROP SHAW PITTMAN LLP • PARTNER
IndividualNEW YORK, NY
$3,300
Sep 28, 2023
4
ALCANTARA, MINOSCA
NYS BRIDGE AUTHORITY • EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR
IndividualNEW YORK, NY
$3,300
Sep 24, 2023
5
GAGLIARDI, PAUL
FLAIR BEVERAGES CORP. • SALES EXECUTIVE
IndividualBRONX, NY
$3,300
Sep 19, 2023
6
GAGLIARDI, PAUL
FLAIR BEVERAGES CORP. • SALES EXECUTIVE
IndividualBRONX, NY
$3,300
Sep 19, 2023
7
GREEN, SUSAN A
IndividualSTAMFORD, CT
$3,300
Sep 24, 2023
8
CABRERA, FELIX
IndividualIRVINGTON, NY
$3,300
Sep 24, 2023
9
LEVINE, DOUGLAS H
BIG MOVE PROPERTIES • CEO
IndividualMIAMI BEACH, FL
$3,300
Sep 24, 2023
10
LEVINE, DOUGLAS H
BIG MOVE PROPERTIES • CEO
IndividualMIAMI BEACH, FL
$3,300
Sep 24, 2023

Rep. Goldman, Daniel S. [D-NY-10]

ID: G000599

Top Contributors

10

1
BARONA BAND OF MISSION INDIANS
OrganizationLAKESIDE, CA
$1,500
May 19, 2023
2
GOLDSTEIN, DARIN
SDG CAPITAL MANAGEMENT • MANAGER
IndividualNEW YORK, NY
$6,600
May 31, 2023
3
GOLDSTEIN, DARIN
IndividualNEW YORK, NY
$6,600
Jun 19, 2023
4
SCHWARTZ, DAVID
SLATE PROPERTY GROUP • EXECUTIVE
IndividualNEW YORK, NY
$5,000
Oct 17, 2023
5
SCHWARTZ, DAVID
IndividualNEW YORK, NY
$5,000
Oct 26, 2023
6
ADAMS, RICHARD
NOT EMPLOYED • NOT EMPLOYED
IndividualNEW YORK, NY
$3,300
Oct 26, 2024
7
ANDREESSEN, MARC
SELF • ATTORNEY
IndividualLOS ALTOS, CA
$3,300
Oct 23, 2024
8
BARTH, RICHARD
MARYLAND • PROFESSOR
IndividualBALTIMORE, MD
$3,300
Oct 27, 2024
9
BLUMENTHAL, VIOLETTE
NOT EMPLOYED • NOT EMPLOYED
IndividualDURHAM, NC
$3,300
Oct 26, 2024
10
BRUNO, JACQUELINE
NOT EMPLOYED • NOT EMPLOYED
IndividualWHITESTONE, NY
$3,300
Oct 26, 2024

Rep. Mullin, Kevin [D-CA-15]

ID: M001225

Top Contributors

10

1
SANTA ROSA RANCHERIA
OrganizationLEMOORE, CA
$6,600
May 20, 2024
2
SANTA ROSA RANCHERIA
OrganizationLEMOORE, CA
$3,300
Jun 14, 2024
3
SHINGLE SPRINGS BAND MIWOK INDIANS
OrganizationSHINGLE SPRINGS, CA
$3,300
Sep 29, 2023
4
AGUA CALIENTE BAND OF CAHUILLA INDIANS
OrganizationPALM SPRINGS, CA
$3,300
Dec 22, 2023
5
SAN MANUEL BAND OF MISSION INDIANS
OrganizationLOS ANGELES, CA
$2,300
Jun 22, 2023
6
BARONA BAND OF MISSION INDIANS
OrganizationLAKESIDE, CA
$2,000
Jun 28, 2024
7
SHAKOPEE MDEWAKANTON SIOUX COMMUNITY
OrganizationPRIOR LAKE, MN
$1,650
May 3, 2024
8
SHAKOPEE MDEWAKANTON SIOUX COMMUNITY
OrganizationPRIOR LAKE, MN
$1,650
Oct 28, 2023
9
SHINGLE SPRINGS BAND MIWOK INDIANS
OrganizationSHINGLE SPRINGS, CA
$1,300
Oct 4, 2024
10
SYCUAN BAND OF THE KUMEYAAY NATION
OrganizationEL CAJON, CA
$1,000
Oct 15, 2024

Del. Norton, Eleanor Holmes [D-DC-At Large]

ID: N000147

Top Contributors

10

1
DONOHOE, BERT
THE DONOHOE COMPANIES INC. • EVP, REAL ESTATE
IndividualBETHESDA, MD
$3,300
May 2, 2024
2
OTONI, RAFAELA
HILTON CORPORATION • PRESIDENT & CEO
IndividualMC LEAN, VA
$3,300
May 3, 2024
3
REID, JACK
RAM CUSTOM SERVICES • PRESIDENT
IndividualCHESAPEAKE BEACH, MD
$3,300
May 6, 2024
4
LEWIS, JACQUELINE
NOT EMPLOYED • NOT EMPLOYED
IndividualWASHINGTON, DC
$3,300
Jul 10, 2023
5
LEWIS, JACQUELINE
NOT EMPLOYED • NOT EMPLOYED
IndividualWASHINGTON, DC
$3,300
Jul 10, 2023
6
BARRY, DAVID E. JR
NOT EMPLOYED • NOT EMPLOYED
IndividualBEALLSVILLE, MD
$2,500
May 12, 2024
7
POLASKI, MICHAEL
THE DONOHOE COMPANIES INC. • EXECUTIVE
IndividualBROADLANDS, VA
$2,500
May 13, 2024
8
GRUNLEY, KENNETH
GRUNLEY CONSTRUCTION • CEO
IndividualPOTOMAC, MD
$2,500
Jun 23, 2023
9
BRUCH, CHRIS
THE DONOHOE COMPANIES INC. • CEO
IndividualBETHESDA, MD
$2,300
Apr 30, 2024
10
EARNEST, JAMES M.
SELF-EMPLOYED • REAL ESTATE INVESTOR
IndividualBETHESDA, MD
$2,300
May 10, 2024

Rep. McIver, LaMonica [D-NJ-10]

ID: M001229

Top Contributors

10

1
FRIENDS OF ANDRE SAYEGH
CITY OF PATERSON • ELECTED OFFICIAL
COMPATERSON, NJ
$250
Jun 28, 2024
2
ELECTION FUND OF CRAIG J. COUGHLIN
OrganizationFORDS, NJ
$1,000
Jun 13, 2024
3
ELECTION FUND OF PATRICK COUNCIL
OrganizationNEWARK, NJ
$250
Jun 12, 2024
4
JACOBS, IRWIN
NOT EMPLOYED • NOT EMPLOYED
IndividualLA JOLLA, CA
$3,300
Nov 21, 2024
5
HANINI, SAMER
SKYE • ARCHITECTURE
IndividualWEST ORANGE, NJ
$3,300
Jun 26, 2024
6
JACOBS, JOSEPH
SELF EMPLOYED • ATTORNEY
IndividualPUNTA GORDA, FL
$3,300
Jun 24, 2024
7
PANEPINTO, JOSEPH
PANEPINTO PROPERTIES • CEO
IndividualJERSEY CITY, NJ
$3,300
Jun 21, 2024
8
GOMES, JOE
EMPIRE PLAZA LLC • OWNER
IndividualLINDEN, NJ
$3,300
Jun 29, 2024
9
ISSA, MARK
ASHTON BUILDING COMPANY LLC • CO-OWNER
IndividualFLORHAM PARK, NJ
$3,300
Jun 29, 2024
10
JORGE, LEE
ASHTON BUILDING COMPANY LLC • CO-OWNER
IndividualFLORHAM PARK, NJ
$3,300
Jun 29, 2024

Donor Network - Rep. Torres, Ritchie [D-NY-15]

PACs
Organizations
Individuals
Politicians

Hub layout: Politicians in center, donors arranged by type in rings around them.

Loading...

Showing 68 nodes and 45 connections (60 secondary connections hidden)

Total contributions: $130,945

Top Donors - Rep. Torres, Ritchie [D-NY-15]

Showing top 16 donors by contribution amount

5 Orgs11 Individuals

Industry Impact

Which industries are materially affected by specific provisions in this bill. 2 helped.

  • Section 2(a) adopts ANSI/CAN/UL 2271 standard for batteries used in light electric vehicle applications, which benefits EV manufacturers by establishing clear safety standards that can increase consumer confidence and market expansion.

  • Lithium-ion batteries are critical components in electronics and hardware; establishing safety standards under Section 2(a) may benefit semiconductor and hardware manufacturers by reducing liability and increasing product reliability.

Who funds the sponsor on these industries

For each industry this bill affects, here's what the sponsor (Rep. Torres, Ritchie [D-NY-15])received from donors associated with that industry during the 2022–present cycles. Donations are not proof of intent — they are a record of who funds the people writing the law.

Industries this bill HELPS

Project 2025 Policy Matches

This bill shows semantic similarity to the following sections of the Project 2025 policy document.AI-enhanced analysis provides detailed alignment ratings.

Department of Transportation

Weak
Vector: 61%
Pages: 658-660AI Enhanced

AI Analysis:

"The bill focuses on consumer safety standards for lithium-ion batteries in micromobility products, while the Project 2025 policy excerpt discusses CAFE standards, spectrum allocation for transportation safety, and criticisms of Biden-era fuel economy and EV promotion policies. There is minimal thematic overlap, as the bill does not address fuel economy, vehicle efficiency, or spectrum use."

Key themes:transportation safetyconsumer productsregulatory standards

— 626 — Mandate for Leadership: The Conservative Promise environment. They need to account for rapidly moving and out-of-line-of-sight vehicles as well as pedestrians, bicyclists, and other road users. They should account for the potential for radio interference, and they should address security. This is why in 1999, in response to a request from Congress, the Federal Com- munications Commission allocated the 5.9 GHz band of spectrum to traffic safety and intelligent transportation systems (ITS). In 2020, the FCC took away 45 MHz of the 75 MHz it had added, leaving only 30 MHz for transportation safety and ITS. DOT needs to represent the transportation community and make the case for needed spectrum to the public and Congress. CORPORATE AVERAGE FUEL ECONOMY (CAFE) STANDARDS One reason for the high numbers of injuries on American roadways is that national fuel economy standards raise the price of cars, disincentivizing people from purchasing newer, safer vehicles. Congress requires the Secretary of Transportation to set national fuel econ- omy standards for new motor vehicles sold in the United States. This mandate was established in the Energy Policy and Conservation Act of 1975 (EPCA),6 a law passed in the wake of the Arab oil embargo to promote greater energy efficiency and lessen the national security threat of U.S. dependence on foreign oil. The stat- ute directs DOT to prescribe the “maximum feasible” mileage requirements for different categories of internal-combustion engine (ICE) automobiles for each model year. The standards must be achievable using available ICE technologies running on gasoline, diesel fuel, or similar combustible fuels and must not be set so high as to prevent automakers from profitably producing new vehicles at sufficient volume to meet consumer demand. Congress recognized that the ICE-powered automobile has been instrumen- tal to advancing the mobility and prosperity of the American people and that the domestic mass production of new ICE vehicles generates millions of jobs and remains critical to the overall health of the U.S. economy and the strength of the nation’s industrial base. Accordingly, Congress took care to ensure that the mileage requirements issued by DOT would not undermine the vitality of America’s auto industry or interfere with the market economics that drives consumer demand for new vehicles. This rulemaking authority, which has been delegated by the Secretary to the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, is exclusive to DOT. EPCA expressly preempts states from adopting or enforcing any different requirement “related to fuel economy standards” for new motor vehicles. While the statute instructs DOT to consult with the Department of Energy and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in formulating its standards, no other federal agency, including EPA, has clear authority to set fuel economy requirements in place of NHTSA. The Clean Air Act7 gives EPA general authority to establish emissions — 627 — Department of Transportation limits for new motor vehicles for air pollutants that are found to pose a danger to humans. However, there is no reason to believe Congress ever contemplated that EPA’s authority to address automotive air pollution might be used to displace or supersede NHTSA’s fuel economy mandate under EPCA. Congress chose to assign the power to set fuel economy standards to DOT rather than EPA. This was not only because DOT understands the technologies and economics of the auto industry, but also because NHTSA is the nation’s leading motor vehicle safety regulator, and Congress sought to ensure that fuel economy requirements would not adversely affect highway safety. Unfortunately, the Biden Administration has flouted these statutory limitations in nearly every respect. The predictable result is higher expected transportation costs for Americans. l In pursuit of an anti–fossil fuel climate agenda never approved by Congress, the Biden Administration has raised fuel economy requirements to levels that cannot realistically be met by most categories of ICE vehicles. The purpose is to force the auto industry to transition away from traditional technologies to the production of electric vehicles (EVs) and compel Americans to accept costly EVs despite a clear and persistent consumer preference for ICE-powered vehicles. In further support of this agenda, federal regulators administer a scheme of generous fuel economy credits that subsidize EV producers such as Tesla at the expense of legacy automakers. l Moreover, and contrary to Congress’s design, the Biden EPA has been given preeminence in the regulation of fuel economy through the setting of carbon dioxide emissions limits for new motor vehicles under the Clean Air Act. Because carbon dioxide emissions levels correspond to mileage in automobiles powered by fossil fuels, these EPA rules are de facto fuel economy requirements that apply independently of NHTSA’s standards. l The Biden Administration has also granted California a special waiver under the Clean Air Act that permits the California Air Resources Board (CARB) to issue its own fuel economy directives, notwithstanding EPCA’s prohibition on state standards. Under this waiver, CARB has ordered automakers to phase out the sale of ICE-powered automobiles in California and transition to the production of zero-emission vehicles by 2035. The Clean Air Act allows other states to follow California’s requirements; thus, CARB is effectively determining fuel economy policies for the entire nation. As a result of these regulatory actions, automobiles will be significantly more expensive to produce, there will be fewer affordable new vehicle options for Amer- ican families, and fewer new vehicles will be sold in the U.S. That will do more than

Department of Transportation

Weak
Vector: 61%
Pages: 658-660AI Enhanced

AI Analysis:

"The bill focuses on CPSC-led safety standards for lithium-ion batteries in micromobility products, while the Project 2025 DOT section emphasizes AV integration, spectrum allocation, CAFE standards, and reducing regulatory barriers for innovation—showing only tangential overlap in safety and technology themes."

Key themes:safetytechnology regulationinnovationconsumer protection

— 625 — Department of Transportation security, and privacy without hampering innovation. DOT can oversee the testing and deployment of a wide variety of new technologies, allowing communities and individuals to choose what best fits their needs. It is the role of the private sector, not the government, to pick winners and losers in technology development. If a technology underperforms, the private sector should be liable, not the government. The department should ensure a tech-neutral approach to addressing any emerging transportation technology while keeping safety as the number one priority. As part of this, it should work to facilitate the safe and full integration of automated vehicles into the national transportation system. Over time, these advanced technologies can save lives, transform personal mobility, and provide additional transportation opportunities—including for people with disabili- ties, aging populations, and communities where car ownership is expensive or impractical. NHTSA’s and FMCSA’s current regulations were written before the advent of automated vehicles and driving systems. Both operating administrations have issued Advance Notices of Proposed Rulemakings (ANPRMs) that begin the pro- cess of updating their regulations to reflect this new technology. However, these regulations have stalled under the Biden Administration, which has chosen to use the department’s tools to get people to take transit and drive electric vehicles instead of helping people to choose the transportation options that suit them best. l NHTSA should work to remove regulatory barriers by focusing on updating vehicle standards as well as publishing performance-based rules for the operations of automated vehicles (AVs). l FMCSA should work to clarify the regulations to align with DOT’s AV 3.0 guidance, which would allow the drivers to be safely removed from the operations of a commercial motor vehicle. From a nonregulatory point of view, DOT has pivoted from a successful focus on the voluntary sharing of data to improve safety outcomes to adoption of a more compulsory and antagonistic approach to mandating data collection and publica- tion through a Standing General Order related to automated vehicles. This needs to be reversed. Many of these new and innovative technologies rely on wireless communica- tions that depend on the availability and purchase of radio frequency spectrum, a trend that is consistent with what we see in connectivity in our everyday lives. There is a role for DOT in ensuring that in the fight over spectrum, transportation gets its fair share. For technologies to work in transportation, and in particular to work for transportation safety, they have to meet the unique needs of a transportation — 626 — Mandate for Leadership: The Conservative Promise environment. They need to account for rapidly moving and out-of-line-of-sight vehicles as well as pedestrians, bicyclists, and other road users. They should account for the potential for radio interference, and they should address security. This is why in 1999, in response to a request from Congress, the Federal Com- munications Commission allocated the 5.9 GHz band of spectrum to traffic safety and intelligent transportation systems (ITS). In 2020, the FCC took away 45 MHz of the 75 MHz it had added, leaving only 30 MHz for transportation safety and ITS. DOT needs to represent the transportation community and make the case for needed spectrum to the public and Congress. CORPORATE AVERAGE FUEL ECONOMY (CAFE) STANDARDS One reason for the high numbers of injuries on American roadways is that national fuel economy standards raise the price of cars, disincentivizing people from purchasing newer, safer vehicles. Congress requires the Secretary of Transportation to set national fuel econ- omy standards for new motor vehicles sold in the United States. This mandate was established in the Energy Policy and Conservation Act of 1975 (EPCA),6 a law passed in the wake of the Arab oil embargo to promote greater energy efficiency and lessen the national security threat of U.S. dependence on foreign oil. The stat- ute directs DOT to prescribe the “maximum feasible” mileage requirements for different categories of internal-combustion engine (ICE) automobiles for each model year. The standards must be achievable using available ICE technologies running on gasoline, diesel fuel, or similar combustible fuels and must not be set so high as to prevent automakers from profitably producing new vehicles at sufficient volume to meet consumer demand. Congress recognized that the ICE-powered automobile has been instrumen- tal to advancing the mobility and prosperity of the American people and that the domestic mass production of new ICE vehicles generates millions of jobs and remains critical to the overall health of the U.S. economy and the strength of the nation’s industrial base. Accordingly, Congress took care to ensure that the mileage requirements issued by DOT would not undermine the vitality of America’s auto industry or interfere with the market economics that drives consumer demand for new vehicles. This rulemaking authority, which has been delegated by the Secretary to the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, is exclusive to DOT. EPCA expressly preempts states from adopting or enforcing any different requirement “related to fuel economy standards” for new motor vehicles. While the statute instructs DOT to consult with the Department of Energy and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in formulating its standards, no other federal agency, including EPA, has clear authority to set fuel economy requirements in place of NHTSA. The Clean Air Act7 gives EPA general authority to establish emissions

Department of Energy and Related Commissions

Weak
Vector: 58%
Pages: 434-436AI Enhanced

AI Analysis:

"The bill focuses on consumer safety standards for lithium-ion batteries in micromobility products, whereas the Project 2025 DOE section addresses electric grid reliability, market reforms, reserve margins, natural gas infrastructure, and cyber/physical security. The only connection is the shared topic of battery technology, but the policy objectives are otherwise unrelated."

Key themes:lithium-ion batteriesenergy storagesafety standardsgrid reliability

— 401 — Department of Energy and Related Commissions nation in the summer110 and winter.111 Cyber and physical attacks also threaten the grid. Specific areas for reform include the following: l Limit the impact of subsidized renewables on price formation. Subsidized renewable resources are undermining electric reliability in RTOs. The increase in subsidized, intermittent resources is undermining the ability of RTOs’ pricing models to support the reliable dispatchable generation that is needed to serve the grid at all times.112 l Reform the application of reserve margins. Reserve margins have become largely meaningless. Traditionally, the electric industry has used “reserve margins” to ensure that the grid has enough power plants to guarantee reliability. Generally, reserve margins represent the amount of generation available (power plants) to meet peak electric demand (the time of day and year when people are using the most electricity) plus a percentage of additional generation for backup.113 However, given the increasing number of intermittent resources (like solar, which may be available during the heat of the day but disappears as the sun sets), other dispatchable generation needs to be available to meet customers’ electricity requirements. Therefore, the definitions and calculations of reserve margins and peak load need to be updated to focus on the modern grid’s reliability challenges for all times of the day and year. l Recognize the interdependence of electric generation and natural gas. The interdependence of electric generation and natural gas pipelines continues to grow. Given natural gas’s important role in generating electricity, especially as backup when renewables are not available, lack of natural gas pipelines or attacks on existing pipelines could threaten our ability to generate electricity. l Expand resource diversity and reliability. Resource diversity is needed to support grid reliability. Pressure to use 100 percent renewables or non– carbon emitting resources threatens the electric grid’s reliability. A grid that has access to dispatchable resources such as coal, nuclear, and natural gas for generating power is inherently more reliable and resilient. l Protect against cyber and physical attacks. The threat of cyber and physical attacks on electric infrastructure by foreign actors like China, Russia, North Korea, and Iran, as well as terrorists, continues to grow. The attacks with guns on substations in North Carolina in December 2022 that left customers without power demonstrate the grid’s vulnerability.114 — 402 — Mandate for Leadership: The Conservative Promise New Policies l Reform RTOs to require reliability. FERC should direct RTOs to establish reliability pricing for eligible dispatchable generation resources or require intermittent resources to procure backup power for times when they are not available to operate. In addition, Congress should repeal subsidies for generation resources. l Update the definition and calculation of reserve margins to support reliability. FERC, NERC, and DOE should revise the definition of reserve margins to ensure the grid’s reliability throughout the day and the year. This will mean recognizing that reserve margins may need to consider “net peak” and exclude non-dispatchable resources from inclusion in reserve margin calculations. l Expand and protect natural gas infrastructure in support of electric generation. FERC needs to ensure that its consideration of natural gas pipeline applications recognizes the role that natural gas plays in electric reliability. FERC also needs to make sure that RTO pricing mechanisms support generators that need to contract for natural gas service on a firm basis. l Support resource diversity and reliability. FERC, NERC, and DOE play key roles in balancing consumer, industrial, and national defense interests to ensure an ongoing reliable, plentiful, and accessible national electricity supply. NERC reliability reviews and FERC’s reliability roles should be aware that overreliance on any one power generation fuel source entails concurrent cost and availability risk. FERC should reform market rules that unduly discriminate against dispatchable resources needed for reliability. l Strengthen security against cyber and physical threats. FERC and NERC need to enhance the security of the bulk power system by, for example, banning Chinese-made components, investing in transformers, and hardening substations and other critical infrastructure. DOE should play a leading role in identifying and addressing threats to the grid. FERC: RTOS/ISOS AND “ELECTRIC POWER MARKETS” Mission/Overview For more than 20 years, FERC has issued regulations and directed policies for the creation and operation of regional transmission organizations (RTOs) and independent system operators (ISOs) to manage the dispatch of generation and

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About These Correlations

Policy matches are calculated using a hybrid approach: initial candidates are found using semantic similarity between bill summaries and Project 2025 policy text, then an AI model (Llama 3.1 70B) provides detailed alignment ratings and analysis. Ratings range from 1 (minimal alignment) to 5 (very strong alignment). This analysis does not imply direct causation or intent.

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