IRS Whistleblower Program Improvement Act

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Bill ID: 119/hr/7959
Last Updated: July 22, 2026

Sponsored by

Rep. Kelly, Mike [R-PA-16]

ID: K000376

Follow the money

The bill

IRS Whistleblower Program Improvement Act

HR. 7959, 119th Congress — read as touching Lobbying & Law Firms.

The sponsor

Rep. Kelly, Mike [R-PA-16]

Every bill has someone who introduced it. That name is where the paper trail starts.

The money

$122,700 raised

30 itemised contributions to this sponsor, pulled from FEC filings.

The alignment

55% match to Project 2025

This bill's text tracks the "Intelligence Community" section, p. 248-250 of the Mandate for Leadership.

Bill's Journey to Becoming a Law

Track this bill's progress through the legislative process

Latest Action

Received in the Senate and Read twice and referred to the Committee on Finance.

April 27, 2026

Introduced

Committee Review

Floor Action

Passed House

Senate Review

📍 Current Status

Next: Both chambers must agree on the same version of the bill.

🎉

Passed Congress

🖊️

Presidential Action

⚖️

Became Law

📚 How does a bill become a law?

1. Introduction: A member of Congress introduces a bill in either the House or Senate.

2. Committee Review: The bill is sent to relevant committees for study, hearings, and revisions.

3. Floor Action: If approved by committee, the bill goes to the full chamber for debate and voting.

4. Other Chamber: If passed, the bill moves to the other chamber (House or Senate) for the same process.

5. Conference: If both chambers pass different versions, a conference committee reconciles the differences.

6. Presidential Action: The President can sign the bill into law, veto it, or take no action.

7. Became Law: If signed (or if Congress overrides a veto), the bill becomes law!

Bill Summary

Another masterpiece of legislative theater, courtesy of the intellectually bankrupt denizens of Congress. Let's dissect this farce, shall we?

**Main Purpose & Objectives:** The IRS Whistleblower Program Improvement Act (HR 7959) claims to strengthen whistleblower protections and improve the Internal Revenue Service's (IRS) handling of whistleblower cases. How quaint. In reality, it's a Band-Aid on a bullet wound, designed to placate the naive masses while maintaining the status quo.

**Key Provisions & Changes to Existing Law:** The bill makes several changes, including:

* Expanding the scope of review for whistleblower award determinations (because, you know, the IRS wasn't already overwhelmed with bureaucratic red tape). * Introducing whistleblower anonymity before the Tax Court (a token gesture to protect whistleblowers from retaliation, but let's be real, it's a drop in the ocean). * Modifying the IRS whistleblower report to include a list of top tax avoidance schemes disclosed by whistleblowers (a clever way to create a "most wanted" list for tax evaders, while ignoring the root causes of tax evasion). * Adding interest on whistleblower awards (a minor concession to compensate whistleblowers for the IRS's glacial pace).

**Affected Parties & Stakeholders:** The usual suspects are affected: whistleblowers, the IRS, taxpayers, and (of course) the politicians who sponsored this bill. But let's not forget the real stakeholders: the lobbyists, special interest groups, and corporate entities that will continue to exploit loopholes and manipulate the system.

**Potential Impact & Implications:** This bill is a classic case of "treatment without diagnosis." It addresses symptoms rather than the underlying disease: a corrupt tax system, riddled with loopholes and cronyism. The real impact will be minimal, as the wealthy and powerful will continue to find ways to game the system. Whistleblowers might receive slightly better protection, but it's a token gesture in a war that's already been lost.

In conclusion, HR 7959 is a legislative placebo, designed to make voters feel like something is being done about tax evasion and whistleblower protection. But don't be fooled – this bill is a mere fig leaf, covering the naked truth: our tax system is broken, and those in power have no intention of fixing it. Now, if you'll excuse me, I have better things to do than watch this farce unfold. Next patient, please!

Related Topics

Taxation & IRS Regulations
Generated using Llama 3.1 70B (Dr. Haus personality)

💰 Campaign Finance Network

Rep. Kelly, Mike [R-PA-16]

Congress 119 • 2024 Election Cycle

Total Contributions
$122,700
18 donors
PACs
$0
Organizations
$26,500
Committees
$0
Individuals
$96,200

No PAC contributions found

1
SANTA YNEZ BAND OF MISSION INDIANS
5 transactions
$12,300
2
MORONGO BAND OF MISSION INDIANS
2 transactions
$6,600
3
SYCUAN BAND OF THE KUMEYAAY NATION
1 transaction
$3,300
4
MASHANTUCKET PEQUOT TRIBE
1 transaction
$3,300
5
SALT RIVER PIMA MARICOPA INDIAN COMMUNITY
1 transaction
$1,000

No committee contributions found

1
PARKER, SEAN
2 transactions
$13,200
2
PARKER, ALEXANDRA
2 transactions
$13,200
3
ANDERSON, DOUGLAS D.
2 transactions
$10,000
4
TUTINO, VINCENT P
2 transactions
$10,000
5
ROHRICH, TOM
2 transactions
$10,000
6
ROHR, JAMES E
2 transactions
$6,800
7
BARENSFELD, DAVID E.
1 transaction
$6,600
8
BARENSFELD, WENDY
1 transaction
$6,600
9
STEPHENS, WARREN A
2 transactions
$6,600
10
JACOBS, TERRENCE
1 transaction
$3,300
11
KIMBELL, JEFFREY
1 transaction
$3,300
12
ROHRICH, THOMAS A.
1 transaction
$3,300
13
BROWN, JAMES
1 transaction
$3,300

Cosponsors & Their Campaign Finance

This bill has 5 cosponsors. Below are their top campaign contributors.

Rep. Thompson, Mike [D-CA-4]

ID: T000460

Top Contributors

10

1
ACTBLUE
COMSOMERVILLE, MA
$500
Oct 27, 2024
2
ACTBLUE
COMSOMERVILLE, MA
$30
Nov 3, 2024
3
SHINGLE SPRINGS BAND OF MIWOK INDIANS
OrganizationSHINGLE SPRINGS, CA
$3,300
Sep 30, 2023
4
YOCHA DEHE WINTUN NATION
OrganizationBROOKS, CA
$3,300
Dec 22, 2023
5
YOCHA DEHE WINTUN NATION
OrganizationBROOKS, CA
$3,300
Dec 22, 2023
6
EASTERN BANK OF CHEROKEE INDIANS
OrganizationCHEROKEE, NC
$3,300
Feb 7, 2024
7
HABEMATOLEL POMO OF UPPER LAKE
OrganizationUPPER LAKE, CA
$3,300
Jun 23, 2024
8
FEDERATED INDIANS OF GRATON RANCHERIA
OrganizationROHNERT PARK, CA
$3,300
May 23, 2023
9
FEDERATED INDIANS OF GRATON RANCHERIA
OrganizationROHNERT PARK, CA
$3,300
May 23, 2023
10
MOORETOWN RANCHERIA
OrganizationOROVILLE, CA
$3,300
Sep 28, 2024

Rep. Miller, Carol D. [R-WV-1]

ID: M001205

Top Contributors

10

1
SCHUMACHER, AMANDA
SCHUMACHER AUTO • VICE PRESIDENT
IndividualWEST PALM BEACH, FL
$25,000
May 17, 2023
2
HALL, DANIEL
HALL STRATEGIES LLC • GOVERNMENT AFFAIRS CONSULTANT
IndividualBOLT, WV
$6,600
Mar 14, 2024
3
GONZALEZ, JULIO
GONZALEZ FAMILY OFFICE • FOUNDER/PRINCIPAL
IndividualLAKE WORTH BEACH, FL
$5,000
Jan 20, 2024
4
DUNCAN, ALEXANDER
IndividualCALDWELL, WV
$3,900
Aug 8, 2024
5
WAID, CHARLIE
CHARTER BROKERAGE LLC • CEO
IndividualKATY, TX
$3,409
May 12, 2024
6
LAMPTON, LESLIE III
ERGON INC. • OWNER/DIRECTOR
IndividualJACKSON, MS
$3,300
Nov 16, 2023
7
FARRELL, PATRICK MR.
SERVICE PUMP AND SUPPLY • OWNER/EXECUTIVE
IndividualHUNTINGTON, WV
$3,300
Dec 4, 2023
8
CHAN, ANNIE
KCR DEVELOPMENT • FOUNDER
IndividualHONOLULU, HI
$3,300
Dec 29, 2023
9
RICHARDS, WAYNE
GR ENERGY SERVICES • CEO
IndividualRICHMOND, TX
$3,300
Dec 29, 2023
10
MOSS, STEPHEN
APEX PIPELINE SERVICES INC. • PRESIDENT & CEO
IndividualLIBERTY, WV
$3,300
Feb 1, 2024

Rep. Buchanan, Vern [R-FL-16]

ID: B001260

Top Contributors

10

1
RICHARDS, CHRISTINE
CVP • CUST/BUS TRANS
IndividualBARTLETT, TN
$3,300
Oct 28, 2024
2
RICHARDS, DANIEL
DR. CONSULTING • CPA
IndividualBARTLETT, TN
$3,300
Oct 28, 2024
3
GARCIA, MARIO
EMSI - TAMPA • PRESIDENT/CEO
IndividualTAMPA, FL
$3,300
Nov 28, 2023
4
BENJAMIN, STEPHEN
VALIDUS SENIOR LIVING • CEO
IndividualODESSA, FL
$3,300
Nov 10, 2023
5
GARCIA, IVIS
HOMEMAKER • HOMEMAKER
IndividualTAMPA, FL
$3,300
Nov 28, 2023
6
GARCIA, MARIO
EMSI - TAMPA • PRESIDENT/CEO
IndividualTAMPA, FL
$3,300
Nov 28, 2023
7
GARCIA, IVIS
HOMEMAKER • HOMEMAKER
IndividualTAMPA, FL
$3,300
Nov 28, 2023
8
JOHNSON, TRAVIS
1607 STRATEGIES • FOUNDER
IndividualARLINGTON, VA
$3,300
Dec 6, 2023
9
COPELAND, GERRET
TERREG MANAGEMENT LLC • CEO
IndividualSARASOTA, FL
$3,300
Feb 7, 2023
10
COPELAND, KYM
HOMEMAKER • HOMEMAKER
IndividualSARASOTA, FL
$3,300
Feb 7, 2023

Rep. Moran, Nathaniel [R-TX-1]

ID: M001224

Top Contributors

10

1
PELTIER, PATRICK
PELTIER AUTO GROUP • VICE PRESIDENT
IndividualTYLER, TX
$9,900
Jan 31, 2024
2
PELTIER, PATRICK
IndividualTYLER, TX
$6,600
Feb 22, 2024
3
MARSHALL, MATTHEW
DRAKE • REAL ESTATE
IndividualTYLER, TX
$6,600
Aug 22, 2024
4
MARSHALL, MATTHEW
DRAKE • REAL ESTATE
IndividualTYLER, TX
$6,600
Aug 22, 2024
5
ANDERSON, RICHARD M.
PAFFORD EMS • 911 PROFESSIONAL
IndividualMARSHALL, TX
$5,000
Apr 15, 2024
6
LEATHERWOOD, HARRY
SELF • SELF
IndividualTYLER, TX
$5,000
Sep 23, 2024
7
STOVALL, SCOTT
IndividualTROUP, TX
$3,300
Jan 18, 2024
8
PELTIER, MIKAH ANN
COMMUNITY VOLUNTEER • COMMUNITY VOLUNTEER
IndividualTYLER, TX
$3,300
Jan 31, 2024
9
PELTIER, PATRICK
PELTIER AUTO GROUP • VICE PRESIDENT
IndividualTYLER, TX
$3,300
Jan 31, 2024
10
STEVENSON, DAVID L
CUSTOM COMMODITIES TRANSPORT • OWNER
IndividualDIANA, TX
$3,300
Feb 1, 2024

Rep. Smith, Adrian [R-NE-3]

ID: S001172

Top Contributors

10

1
PECHANGA BAND OF LUISENO INDIANS
OrganizationTEMECULA, CA
$3,300
Jul 25, 2024
2
PARKER, SEAN
SEAN N PARKER FOUNDATION • CHAIRMAN
IndividualPALO ALTO, CA
$13,200
Feb 28, 2024
3
ANDERSON, S MICKEY MR.
BAXTER AUTOMOTIVE GROUP • PRESIDENT
IndividualOMAHA, NE
$13,200
Apr 6, 2023
4
STINSON, KENNETH E. MR.
PETER KIEWIT SONS INC. • CHAIRMAN EMERITUS
IndividualOMAHA, NE
$13,200
Apr 6, 2023
5
CASSLING, MICHAEL MR.
CASSLING DIAGNOSTIC • PRESIDENT AND CEO
IndividualOMAHA, NE
$13,200
Aug 3, 2023
6
HAWKINS, FRED H. MR. JR.
HAWKINS CONSTRUCTION COMPANY • CEO
IndividualOMAHA, NE
$6,600
Nov 5, 2023
7
KORALESKI, JACK MR.
RETIRED • RETIRED
IndividualOMAHA, NE
$6,600
May 1, 2023
8
SCHWARZMAN, STEPHEN
BLACKSTONE • CEO/ CHAIRMAN
IndividualNEW YORK, NY
$6,600
Jun 20, 2023
9
SCHWARZMAN, CHRISTINE
RETIRED • RETIRED
IndividualNEW YORK, NY
$6,600
Jun 21, 2023
10
DUGAN, VINCENT J. MR.
TREGO DUGAN AVIATION OF GRAND ISLAND • PRESIDENT
IndividualNORTH PLATTE, NE
$6,600
Sep 28, 2023

Donor Network - Rep. Kelly, Mike [R-PA-16]

PACs
Organizations
Individuals
Politicians

Hub layout: Politicians in center, donors arranged by type in rings around them.

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Showing 65 nodes and 45 connections (68 secondary connections hidden)

Total contributions: $225,830

Top Donors - Rep. Kelly, Mike [R-PA-16]

Showing top 18 donors by contribution amount

5 Orgs13 Individuals

Industry Impact

Which industries are materially affected by specific provisions in this bill. 1 helped.

  • +Lobbying & Law Firmsconfidence 0.80

    Section 6 corrects a provision related to deductions for attorney's fees, which could benefit law firms and lobbying shops (Section 6).

Who funds the sponsor on these industries

For each industry this bill affects, here's what the sponsor (Rep. Kelly, Mike [R-PA-16])received from donors associated with that industry during the 2022–present cycles. Donations are not proof of intent — they are a record of who funds the people writing the law.

Industries this bill HELPS

  • from 10 contributions
    • KIM, THOMAS$1,250
    • WALTON, ROBERT$1,000
    • HARJU, LORI$500
    • RUDISILL, ZACHARY$500
    • PFRANG, STEVEN$500

Project 2025 Policy Matches

This bill shows semantic similarity to the following sections of the Project 2025 policy document.AI-enhanced analysis provides detailed alignment ratings.

Intelligence Community

Weak
Vector: 62%
Pages: 248-250AI Enhanced

AI Analysis:

"Both the bill and the Project 2025 excerpt concern protections for individuals who report wrongdoing, but the bill focuses on tax whistleblowers while the Project 2025 text addresses intelligence community politicization and leaks, resulting only a tangential connection."

Key themes:whistleblower protectionaccountabilityreporting mechanismsgovernment oversightlegal process

— 215 — Intelligence Community Hill who attempt to weaponize the use of selective intelligence to feed political narratives. l Political leaders should avoid “manipulation-by-appointment,” a practice by which intelligence leaders are selected for their policy views or political loyalties instead of their skilled expertise.24 Presidents should also avoid public rebukes and pressure from the intelligence profession, which can include intimidation and bullying, to shape IC analysis. This will be easier if IC leaders live by the norms of neutrality and thus are not seen as political actors, for whom political responses are deemed necessary. l Intelligence leaders and professionals should never “cook the books” for Presidents or change or shape their analysis to preserve access or status.25 FOREIGN INTELLIGENCE SURVEILLANCE ACT (FISA) A future President should understand the importance of FISA26 while also seek- ing reforms and accountability for any abuses of its authorities. When discussing FISA and what changes may need to be made, it is important to note and recognize that there are stark differences among the individual FISA authorities. Section 702 of FISA, for example, allows the IC to target foreign terrorists, spies, cyber hackers, and other bad actors (but only if they are non-U.S. persons) when their communications pass through the United States. While this authority may lapse if Congress does not resolve the issue by the end of 2023, Section 702 should be understood as an essential tool in the fight against terrorism, malicious cyber actors, and Chinese espionage. These are two major national security priorities for an incoming President, and it is imperative that the need to use properly main- tained and accountable authorities to counter these challenges be recognized. Section 702 is a vital program that often provides the lion’s share of intelligence used in the President’s Daily Brief (PDB).27 An independent review by the Privacy and Civil Liberties Oversight Board (PCLOB) found that it was not abused. Nev- ertheless, Congress should review the PCLOB’s upcoming 2023 report to help it determine whether any reforms or codification of recent administrative changes in FISA processes are needed. Other authorities in Title I and Title III, often referred to as “traditional” FISA, have elicited valid concerns about the politicization of intelligence collection authority in recent years. When seeking surveillance of Trump campaign adviser Carter Page, for example, the FBI and the Department of Justice concealed vital information from a specialized court and submitted applications that were riddled with errors. An incoming conservative President should consider reforms designed to prevent future partisan abuses of national security authority. A package of strong provisions to protect against such partisanship might include: — 216 — Mandate for Leadership: The Conservative Promise l Stiffer penalties and mandatory investigations when intelligence leaks are aimed at domestic political targets, l Tighter controls on otherwise lawful intercepts that also collect the communications of domestic political figures, l An express prohibition on politically motivated use of intelligence authorities, and l Reforms to improve the accountability of the Justice Department and the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court. To keep intelligence credentials from being used for partisan purposes, former high-ranking intelligence officials who retain a clearance should remain subject to the Hatch Act after they leave government to deter them from tying their political stands or activism to their continuing privilege of access to classified government information. The IC should be prohibited from monitoring so-called domestic disinformation. Such activity can easily slip into suppression of an opposition party’s speech, is corrosive of First Amendment protections, and raises questions about impartiality when the IC chooses not to act. CHINA-FOCUSED CHANGES, REFORMS, AND RESOURCES The term “whole of government” is all too frequently overused, but in responding to the generational threat posed by the Chinese Communist Party, that is exactly the approach that our national security apparatus should adopt. CIA Director William Burns has formally established a China Mission Center focused on these efforts, but it can be successful only if it is given the necessary personnel, cross-community collaboration, and resources. That is uncertain at this point, and just how seriously the organization is taking the staffing of the center is unclear. A critical strategic question for an incoming Administration and IC lead- ers will be: How, when, and with whom do we share our classified intelligence? Understanding when to pass things to liaisons and for what purpose will be vital to outmaneuvering China in the intelligence sphere. Questions for a President will include: l What is our overarching conception of the adversarial relationship and competition? l How does intelligence-sharing fit into that conception?

Intelligence Community

Weak
Vector: 61%
Pages: 248-250AI Enhanced

AI Analysis:

"The bill focuses on enhancing IRS whistleblower protections and awards, while the Project 2025 excerpt addresses intelligence community politicization, FISA reforms, and preventing manipulation of intelligence analysis. Both share a concern for whistleblower integrity and accountability, but they operate in distinct policy domains with little direct overlap."

Key themes:whistleblower protectionaccountabilitytransparencyintegrityoversight

— 215 — Intelligence Community Hill who attempt to weaponize the use of selective intelligence to feed political narratives. l Political leaders should avoid “manipulation-by-appointment,” a practice by which intelligence leaders are selected for their policy views or political loyalties instead of their skilled expertise.24 Presidents should also avoid public rebukes and pressure from the intelligence profession, which can include intimidation and bullying, to shape IC analysis. This will be easier if IC leaders live by the norms of neutrality and thus are not seen as political actors, for whom political responses are deemed necessary. l Intelligence leaders and professionals should never “cook the books” for Presidents or change or shape their analysis to preserve access or status.25 FOREIGN INTELLIGENCE SURVEILLANCE ACT (FISA) A future President should understand the importance of FISA26 while also seek- ing reforms and accountability for any abuses of its authorities. When discussing FISA and what changes may need to be made, it is important to note and recognize that there are stark differences among the individual FISA authorities. Section 702 of FISA, for example, allows the IC to target foreign terrorists, spies, cyber hackers, and other bad actors (but only if they are non-U.S. persons) when their communications pass through the United States. While this authority may lapse if Congress does not resolve the issue by the end of 2023, Section 702 should be understood as an essential tool in the fight against terrorism, malicious cyber actors, and Chinese espionage. These are two major national security priorities for an incoming President, and it is imperative that the need to use properly main- tained and accountable authorities to counter these challenges be recognized. Section 702 is a vital program that often provides the lion’s share of intelligence used in the President’s Daily Brief (PDB).27 An independent review by the Privacy and Civil Liberties Oversight Board (PCLOB) found that it was not abused. Nev- ertheless, Congress should review the PCLOB’s upcoming 2023 report to help it determine whether any reforms or codification of recent administrative changes in FISA processes are needed. Other authorities in Title I and Title III, often referred to as “traditional” FISA, have elicited valid concerns about the politicization of intelligence collection authority in recent years. When seeking surveillance of Trump campaign adviser Carter Page, for example, the FBI and the Department of Justice concealed vital information from a specialized court and submitted applications that were riddled with errors. An incoming conservative President should consider reforms designed to prevent future partisan abuses of national security authority. A package of strong provisions to protect against such partisanship might include:

Department of the Treasury

Weak
Vector: 61%
Pages: 745-747AI Enhanced

AI Analysis:

"The bill focuses on enhancing whistleblower protections and incentives within the IRS, while the Project 2025 Treasury section emphasizes tax reform, reducing corporate and capital gains taxes, eliminating certain deductions, and opposing international tax coordination—there is minimal thematic overlap between the two."

Key themes:tax policyInternal Revenue Service (IRS)tax compliance

— 712 — Mandate for Leadership: The Conservative Promise 17. For a detailed discussion, see David R. Burton, “Tax Reform: Eliminating the Double Taxation of Corporate Income,” Heritage Foundation Backgrounder No. 3216, May 18, 2017, https://www.heritage.org/sites/default/ files/2017-05/BG3216.pdf. 18. One hundred dollars in corporate income less an 18 percent tax leaves $82. A 15 percent capital gains tax or qualified dividends tax is $12.30, which leaves $69.70, for an effective marginal tax rate of 30 percent. This, of course, abstracts away from certain timing issues. 19. Inflation Reduction Act, Public Law 117–169. 20. Ibid. 21. Tax Cuts and Jobs Act, Public Law 115–97, § 11061, amending Internal Revenue Code § 2010(c). The amounts before inflation adjustments are $5 million and $10 million, respectively. See also Internal Revenue Service, “What’s New: Estate and Gift Tax, Basic Exclusion Amount for Year of Death,” https://www.irs.gov/businesses/ small-businesses-self-employed/whats-new-estate-and-gift-tax (accessed March 22, 2023). 22. The effective tax rate on foreign-derived intangible income should remain equal to the tax rate on global intangible low-taxed income. 23. For miscellaneous itemized deductions, see Internal Revenue Code (26 U.S. Code § 67). Business deductions that were suspended by the 2017 tax bill (other than those related to depreciation) should also be extended. This includes the local lodging expense deduction and entertainment expense deductions. The 2017 tax bill’s modifications to the deduction for personal casualty and theft losses should be made permanent. The Pease limitation on itemized deductions should be permanently eliminated. 24. Bonus depreciation provisions applied to specific industries should be maintained. 25. Employer-provided childcare expenses should also count toward the limitation on benefit deductions. 26. HSAs are flexible and portable, and they help contain costs by giving health care consumers skin in the game. 27. For additional revenue to fund pro-growth tax cuts, lawmakers could gradually phase down the limitation on benefit deductions. 28. Early versions of the 2017 tax bill envisioned reforming the corporate income tax into a destination-based cash flow tax, a form of consumption tax. A tax system that taxes labor and capital-factor incomes equally— and only once—results in higher output and higher incomes. Usually, in the modern public finance literature, this is called a consumption tax. On the economic superiority of consumptions taxes, see N. Gregory Mankiw et al., “Optimal Taxation in Theory and Practice,” Journal of Economic Perspectives, Vol. 23, No. 4 (2009), pp. 147–174, https://pubs.aeaweb.org/doi/pdfplus/10.1257/jep.23.4.147 (accessed March 19, 2023); Alan J. Auerbach, “The Choice Between Income and Consumption Taxes: A Primer,” NBER Working Paper No. 12307, June 2006, https://www.nber.org/system/files/working_papers/w12307/w12307.pdf (accessed March 19, 2023); and Charles E. Walker and Mark A. Bloom eld, eds., The Consumption Tax: A Better Alternative? (Cambridge, MA: Harper and Row, Ballinger, 1987). 29. Hoover Institution, “Simplifying the Tax System: The History of the Flat Tax,” March 1, 2019, https://www. hoover.org/research/simplifying-tax-system-history-flat-tax (accessed March 20, 2023). 30. David R. Burton, “Four Conservative Tax Plans with Equivalent Economic Results,” Heritage Foundation Backgrounder No. 2978, December 7, 2022, https://www.heritage.org/taxes/report/four-conservative-tax- plans-equivalent-economic-results. Consumption tax plans generally include carveouts that exempt very low-income Americans from federal tax liability. 31. Daniel J. Mitchell and Chris Edwards, Global Tax Revolution: The Rise of Tax Competition and the Battle to Defend It (Washington, DC: Cato Institute, 2008); Preston Brashers, “Like Constitutional Checks and Balances, Tax Competition Is a Bulwark Against Growth of Government,” March 17, 2022, https://www.heritage.org/ taxes/commentary/constitutional-checks-and-balances-tax-competition-bulwark-against-growth (accessed March 19, 2023). 32. James M. Robers et al., “Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD): What America Should Do,” Heritage Foundation Backgrounder No. 3593, March 16, 2021, https://www.heritage.org/ sites/default/files/2021-03/BG3593.pdf; Preston Brashers. “The OECD Crusade To Raise Taxes,” Heritage Foundation Commentary, February 4, 2022, https://www.heritage.org/taxes/commentary/the-oecd-crusade- raise-taxes; David Burton, “How the OECD is Promoting More Identity Theft, Crime, Industrial Espionage, and Suppression of Political Dissidents,” July 15, 2016, Heritage Foundation Commentary, https://www.heritage. org/taxes/commentary/how-the-oecd-promoting-more-identity-theft-crime-industrial-espionage-and; — 713 — Department of the Treasury David R. Burton “Towards a Global Tax Cartel?” Policy, Vol. 18, No. 4 (Summer 2002–2003), Center for Independent Studies (Australia), https://www.cis.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/images/stories/policy- magazine/2002-summer/2002-18-4-david-r-burton.pdf (accessed March 19, 2023). 33. Roberts et al., “Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD).” 34. See Inflation Reduction Act, § 10301. See also Preston Brashers, “IRS and Allies Downplay 87,000-Person Hiring Binge,” The Daily Signal, August 12, 2022, https://www.dailysignal.com/2022/08/12/the-irs-and-its- allies-downplay-87000-person-hiring-binge/ (accessed March 19, 2023). 35. U.S. Department of the Treasury, General Explanations of the Administration’s Fiscal Year 2022 Revenue Proposals, May 2021, pp. 88–89, https://home.treasury.gov/system/files/131/General-Explanations-FY2022.pdf (accessed March 19. 2023). 36. See U.S. Department of the Treasury, Fiscal Year 2022–2026 Strategic Plan. 37. U.S. House of Representatives, Committee on Oversight and Reform, Policy and Supporting Positions, December 2020 (the “plumb book”), p. 127 https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-PLUMBOOK-2020/ pdf/GPO-PLUMBOOK-2020.pdf (accessed March 19, 2023). 38. Internal Revenue Service, “Organization and Top Officials,” https://www.irs.gov/pub/newsroom/marketing/ internet/irs-organization-chart.pdf (accessed March 19, 2023). See also Internal Revenue Code (26 U.S. Code § 7803(a)–(b)). 39. For a summary of various GAO reports on various IRS IT problems, see Vijay A. D’Souza, “Information Technology: IRS Needs to Address Operational Challenges and Opportunities to Improve Management,” testimony before the Subcommittee on Government Operations, Committee on Oversight and Reform, U.S. House of Representatives, October 7, 2020, GAO–21–178T, https://www.gao.gov/assets/gao-21-178t. pdf (accessed March 19, 2023). Charles O. Rossotti was named IRS Commissioner by President Bill Clinton primarily so that Rossotti could address widely acknowledged IT issues. He made some improvements between 1997 and 2002, but despite large investments, he did not really resolve the IT problems at the IRS. Since that time, the problems have worsened. 40. D’Souza, “Information Technology,” figure 1, p. 5. 41. Internal Revenue Service, IRS Integrated Modernization Business Plan, April 2019, https://www.irs.gov/pub/ irs-pdf/p5336.pdf (accessed March 20, 2023). 42. See, for example, the Omnibus Taxpayers’ Bill of Rights, Public Law 100–647, Subtitle J of Title VI of the Technical and Miscellaneous Revenue Act of 1988; Taxpayer Bill of Rights 2, Public Law 104–168; IRS Restructuring and Reform Act of 1998, Public Law 105–206, Title III; Consolidated Appropriations Act, Public Law 114–113, Title IV, Subtitle A (adding Internal Revenue Code § 7803(a)(3) and other changes); and Taxpayer First Act, Public Law 116–25, Title I. 43. For a list of 68 proposed reforms, see National Taxpayer Advocate, 2022 Purple Book: Compilation of Legislative Recommendations to Strengthen Taxpayer Rights and Improve Tax Administration, December 31, 2021, https://www.taxpayeradvocate.irs.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/ARC21_PurpleBook.pdf (accessed March 19, 2023). Most, though not all, of these proposals have merit. Regarding penalty reform, see Jeremiah Coder, “Achieving Meaningful Civil Tax Penalty Reform and Making It Stick,” Akron Tax Journal, Vol. 27 (2012), https://ideaexchange.uakron.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1153&context=akrontaxjournal (accessed March 19, 2023). 44. Internal Revenue Service, 2023 Congressional Budget Justification & Annual Performance Report and Plan, Rev. 3–2022, https://home.treasury.gov/system/files/266/Internal-Revenue-Service-FY-2023-CJ.pdf (accessed March 19, 2023). 45. Internal Revenue Service, 2021 IRS Data Book: October 1, 2020 to September 30, 2021, table 11, p. 26, https:// www.irs.gov/pub/irs-pdf/p55b.pdf (accessed March 19, 2023). 46. Ibid., 2021 IRS Data Book, table 2, p. 4. 47. Scott A. Hodge, “The Compliance Costs of IRS Regulations, Tax Foundation Fiscal Fact No. 512, June 2016 https://files.taxfoundation.org/legacy/docs/TaxFoundation_FF512.pdf (accessed March 19, 2023). 48. Organization for Economic Cooperation, The Multilateral Convention on Mutual Administrative Assistance in Tax Matters: Amended by the 2010 Protocol, https://read.oecd-ilibrary.org/taxation/the-multilateral- convention-on-mutual-administrative-assistance-in-tax-matters_9789264115606-en#page1 (accessed March 20, 2023).

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Policy matches are calculated using a hybrid approach: initial candidates are found using semantic similarity between bill summaries and Project 2025 policy text, then an AI model (Llama 3.1 70B) provides detailed alignment ratings and analysis. Ratings range from 1 (minimal alignment) to 5 (very strong alignment). This analysis does not imply direct causation or intent.

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